Vesicoureteral reflux, commonly referred to as VUR, is a condition that affects the urinary tract. In a healthy urinary system, urine is produced by the kidneys and flows down through the ureters, eventually reaching the bladder. However, in the case of VUR, the normal flow of urine is disrupted, leading to a backward flow or reflux of urine. As a result, this refluxed urine travels back up the ureters and can even reach the kidneys.
Risk Factors for Vesicoureteral Reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition that affects approximately one to three percent of infants and children. However, it is possible that the prevalence of VUR is higher than reported, as some cases with mild symptoms may go unnoticed. Interestingly, VUR occurs more frequently among Caucasian children compared to African-Americans. Additionally, about 25% of children who have siblings or parents diagnosed with VUR also develop the condition. While girls are generally more prone to developing VUR, boys have a higher likelihood of experiencing it during infancy. This is because the urination process in baby boys applies pressure on the entire urinary tract.
Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is the most common type of VUR in children. It occurs due to urinary tract abnormalities that are present from birth. These abnormalities can include defects such as posterior urethral valve defects, ureterocele, and ureter duplication. In some cases, conditions like spina bifida and other neural tube defects can also lead to primary VUR.
In a healthy urinary system, valves located between the bladder and ureters on both sides of the body prevent urine from flowing back into the kidneys. However, in cases of primary VUR, these valves have defects that prevent them from fully closing. As a result, the barrier that is meant to prevent urine backflow becomes compromised.
When only one valve and ureter are affected by VUR, it is referred to as unilateral reflux. This term is used to describe the condition when only one side of the urinary system is compromised.