Causes of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
The exact cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is still unknown, but researchers have identified several potential triggers that may be linked to the development of the condition. GBS is believed to occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves in the body, leading to nerve damage. While the exact mechanisms of this process are not fully understood, it is commonly observed that GBS often manifests shortly after respiratory or digestive tract infections. In recent years, there have been reported cases of GBS occurring following infections with the Zika virus and the COVID-19 virus.
Mechanisms
The development of Guillain-Barré syndrome has been the subject of various proposals by medical researchers. According to the most widely accepted theory, the molecules found on the nerves bear a resemblance to certain microorganisms. As a result, the immune system mistakenly identifies the nerves as intruders and launches an attack on the protective myelin sheath surrounding them. In the case of AMAN (acute motor axonal neuropathy), the immune system specifically targets the axons in the motor nerves, leading to paralysis and the loss of reflexes. This particular reaction is believed to occur when the immune system mistakenly targets the Campylobacter jejuni bacteria, which bear a similarity to the axons themselves.