Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Causes and Symptoms
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Although it can affect adults, it is primarily associated with birth trauma or injury. In newborns, HIE is often identified through a low Apgar score, a standard assessment performed shortly after delivery. Within 24 hours of birth, affected infants may display symptoms such as apnea and seizures. It is important to note that HIE is a leading cause of cerebral palsy, affecting an estimated two to nine out of every 1,000 live births.
Understanding Uremic Encephalopathy
Uremic encephalopathy is a rare condition that can develop in individuals with acute renal injury or chronic kidney disease. This condition can be categorized into three types, based on which part of the brain is affected: cortical or subcortical involvement, basal ganglia involvement, and white matter involvement. The symptoms of uremic encephalopathy may vary but commonly include sleep disorders, headaches, gait disturbances, nausea, daytime drowsiness, confusion, restlessness, and difficulty speaking.