A subconjunctival hemorrhage refers to the rupture of a small blood vessel located just beneath the conjunctiva. The term “sub” signifies under, while “hemorrhage” indicates bleeding. This occurrence can be triggered by various factors, some of which are harmless and do not necessitate any treatment, while others may require medical attention.
Physical damage to the eye’s surface often involves the conjunctiva. This can be caused by thermal or chemical burns, as well as blunt or penetrating trauma. Although the injury may be confined to the conjunctiva, a subconjunctival hemorrhage could indicate an underlying and potentially more serious issue. Consequently, it is crucial to carefully evaluate, manage, and prioritize treatment for conjunctival injuries in order to facilitate the healing process.
Frequency of Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Subconjunctival hemorrhage, although it may appear alarming, is actually a prevalent condition. It is estimated that there are over two hundred thousand cases reported annually. While treatment can provide relief, it is important to note that there is no known cure for this condition. The good news is that it is easily recognizable and does not require any specialized lab tests or imaging. In some cases, the entire white area of the eye may turn red, while in others, only a portion of it will be affected. Subconjunctival hemorrhage can occur at any age, and the causes may vary between younger individuals and older adults.
Causes of Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Subconjunctival hemorrhages can occur for a variety of reasons. They may be a result of significant blunt trauma to the eye, minor trauma, or complications from the use of contact lenses. In some cases, they can be caused by a history of elevated venous pressure, such as from coughing or vomiting, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or bleeding disorders. Subconjunctival hemorrhages can also be spontaneous, occurring without any apparent cause. It is worth noting that this condition is more common in the elderly, often due to hypertension. Additionally, subconjunctival hemorrhages are frequently observed in newborns and can persist for several weeks. However, in cases where infants have no verifiable history of trauma, healthcare practitioners may suspect child abuse as a potential cause.