Physiological Effects
When it comes to anger, not only does it manifest in various outward expressions, but it also triggers a range of internal reactions within the body. The nervous system responds automatically to intense stimuli, including anger, and initiates a fight-or-flight response. The initial response is usually an increase in breathing rate, allowing the body to take in more oxygen. This rapid breathing, in turn, causes the heart to pump faster, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Additionally, anger can stimulate sweating, and the pupils may dilate to allow more light to enter. Due to the changes in blood pressure, the skin may appear pale or flushed, and the extremities may feel colder. Moreover, a study published in the journal Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience in 2015 discovered that anger can also result in increased reaction times.
Cognitive Effects of Anger
When experiencing anger, individuals undergo cognitive changes that can significantly impact their perception and behavior. In general, heightened states of anger lead to a decrease in cognitive ability, impairing the individual’s capacity to accurately process external stimuli. Consequently, actions that are typically considered risky or dangerous may feel less threatening in the moment.
Furthermore, anger can also instill a temporary boost in confidence, making individuals feel more inclined to believe in their abilities and succeed in their endeavors. However, these cognitive changes can have negative effects on relationships. When angry, people tend to become less trusting of others, viewing them more negatively, and being slower to attribute positive qualities to perceived rivals.
Studies have also found that in conflicts between two groups, the politically stronger group tends to express more anger than the weaker group. Additionally, anger can influence individuals’ expectations for future events, with angry individuals more likely to anticipate situations that will provoke further anger.
Interestingly, research suggests that humans feel a stronger inclination to possess an object if they associate it with feelings of anger.