Complications of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, although rare, can lead to various complications that can be potentially life-threatening. The most commonly observed complication is kidney damage or failure, primarily caused by the effects on the musculature. When a muscle is injured, it releases certain cellular contents, such as myoglobin and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), into the bloodstream.
High levels of myoglobin and CPK in the bloodstream can have detrimental effects on the kidneys, potentially resulting in acute renal failure. Additionally, muscle injury can also increase the risk of developing blood clots in the blood vessels, posing further complications.
Aside from kidney damage, neuroleptic malignant syndrome can lead to other critical complications. These include aspiration pneumonia, which occurs when a person inhales food, liquids, saliva, or vomit into the lungs, leading to lung infection. Cardiopulmonary failure, heart attack, and sepsis are other severe complications that can arise from neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Risk Factors
When it comes to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), there are various factors that can increase an individual’s risk of developing this condition. One of the primary risk factors is the use of high doses of neuroleptic medications or the simultaneous use of multiple neuroleptics. Additionally, the combination of certain non-antidopaminergic drugs with a neuroleptic can also contribute to the development of NMS.
Aside from medication-related factors, other aspects such as instability in dosing and noncompliance with prescribed treatment plans can further elevate the risk of NMS. Moreover, case studies focusing on NMS have identified additional risk factors that warrant attention.