Secondary polycythemia, also known as erythrocytosis, is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production of red blood cells in the body. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to various organs and tissues. However, when the body produces an excess of these cells, the blood becomes thicker, posing a higher risk of stroke. Moreover, the sluggish flow of thickened blood through blood vessels and organs can lead to various symptoms associated with secondary polycythemia.
Primary Versus Secondary Polycythemia
Polycythemia can be categorized into two types: primary and secondary. Primary polycythemia is a genetic condition that is primarily caused by a mutation in the bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced. On the other hand, secondary polycythemia occurs when an underlying medical condition triggers the body to produce an excessive amount of red blood cells.
Individuals with secondary polycythemia typically have higher levels of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. It is important to note that while secondary polycythemia may have a genetic component, it does not result in a mutation in the bone marrow. In contrast, individuals with primary polycythemia do not have elevated levels of EPO.
Recognizing Symptoms of Secondary Polycythemia
Secondary polycythemia can manifest differently in individuals, with some experiencing no noticeable symptoms. However, for those affected, symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, stomach discomfort, dizziness, blurred vision, high blood pressure, and periods of confusion. Additionally, tingling or a “pins and needles” sensation can be felt in the feet, legs, hands, and arms. Bleeding problems, such as bruising and nosebleeds, may also occur, along with breathing difficulty, chest pain, ringing in the ears, and weakness and muscle pain. In some instances, individuals with secondary polycythemia may also suffer from gout, which causes joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. Additionally, they may experience red, itchy skin, particularly following a shower or bath.